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}} The First Bulgarian Empire (modern (ブルガリア語:Първo българско царство, ''Parvo Balgarsko Tsarstvo'')) was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed in southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded circa 681 when Bulgar tribes led by Asparukh moved to the northeastern Balkans and secured Byzantine recognition for their right to settle south of the Danube by defeating - possibly with the help of local South Slavic tribes - the Byzantine army led by Constantine IV. At the height of its power Bulgaria spread from the Danube Bend to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River to the Adriatic Sea. As the state solidified its position in the Balkans, it entered on a centuries-long interaction, sometimes friendly and sometimes hostile, with the Byzantine Empire. Bulgaria emerged as Byzantium's chief antagonist to its north, resulting in several wars. The two powers also enjoyed periods of peace and alliance, most notably during the Second Arab siege of Constantinople, where the Bulgarian army broke the siege and destroyed the Arab army, thus preventing an Arab invasion of Southeastern Europe. Byzantium had a strong cultural influence on Bulgaria, which also led to the eventual adoption of Christianity in 864. After the disintegration of the Avar Khaganate, the country expanded its territory northwest to the Pannonian Plain. Later the Bulgarians confronted the advance of the Pechenegs and Cumans, and achieved a decisive victory over the Magyars, forcing them to establish themselves permanently in Pannonia. During the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Simeon I achieved a string of victories over the Byzantines, and was recognized with the title of Emperor, and expanded the state to its greatest extent. After the annihilation of the Byzantine army in the battle of Anchialus in 917, the Bulgarians laid siege to Constantinople in 923 and 924. The Byzantines eventually recovered, and in 1014 under Basil II, inflicted a crushing defeat on the Bulgarians at the Battle of Kleidion. By 1018, the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire, and the First Bulgarian Empire had ceased to exist. It was succeeded by the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185. After the adoption of Christianity, Bulgaria became the cultural center of Slavic Europe. Its leading cultural position was further consolidated with the invention of the Glagolitic and Early Cyrillic alphabets shortly after in the capital Preslav, and literature produced in Old Bulgarian soon began spreading north. Old Bulgarian became the lingua franca of much of Eastern Europe and it came to be known as Old Church Slavonic.〔Benjamin W. Fortson. ''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction'', p. 374〕 In 927, the fully independent Bulgarian Patriarchate was officially recognized. Between the 7th and 10th centuries, the Bulgars and other tribes in the empire〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Formation of the Bulgarian Nation, Academician Dimitŭr Simeonov Angelov, Summary, Sofia-Press, 1978 )〕 gradually became absorbed by the more numerous Slavs, adopting a South Slav language.〔L. Ivanov. Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages. Sofia, 2007.〕 Since the late 10th century, the names ''Bulgarians'' and ''Bulgarian'' became prevalent and became permanent designations for the local population, both in the literature and in the spoken language. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighboring cultures, while stimulating the formation of a distinct Bulgarian identity.〔(Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-85065-534-0, pp. 19-20. )〕 ==Nomenclature== The First Bulgarian Empire became known simply as ''Bulgaria''〔Runciman, S. ''A History of the First Bulgarian Empire'', p. 27〕 since its recognition by the Byzantine Empire in 681. Some historians use the terms ''Danube Bulgaria'',〔Vladimirov, G. ''Danube Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria'', Orbel, 2005〕 ''First Bulgarian State'',〔John V. A. Fine, "The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century", 1994, (p.55 )〕〔R. J. Crampton, "A concise history of Bulgaria", 2005, (p.21 )〕 or ''First Bulgarian Tsardom (Empire)''. Between 681 and 864 the country was also known as the ''Bulgarian Khanate'',〔(Bulgaria, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-820514-7, p. 14. )〕 ''Danube Bulgarian Khanate'', or ''Danube Bulgar Khanate''〔Dennis Sinor, ''The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia'', Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-24304-1, ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9, (p.62 )〕〔Christopher I. Beckwith, ''Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age'', Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 0-691-13589-4, ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2, (p.117 )〕 in order to differentiate it from Volga Bulgaria, which emerged from another Bulgar group. During its early existence, the country was also called the ''Bulgar state''〔Whittow, M. ''The making of Byzantium, 600-1025'', University of California press, Los Angeles, p. 272〕 or ''Bulgar qaghnate''.〔Whittow, M. ''The making of Byzantium, 600-1025'', University of California press, Los Angeles, p. 279〕 Between 864 and 917/927, the country was known as the ''Principality of Bulgaria'' or ''Knyazhestvo Bulgaria''. In English language sources, the country is often known as the ''Bulgarian Empire''.〔Stephenson, P. ''Byzantium's Balkan frontier'', p. 18〕 Created as a union between Bulgars and Slavs, for mutual protection against the Byzantine Empire to the south and the Avars to the north-west, the First Bulgarian Empire was ruled according to Bulgar tradition with the head of state being the Khan. The Slavs kept significant autonomy and eventually their language and traditions shaped the Bulgarian culture and people with Bulgaria becoming a Slavic country. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「First Bulgarian Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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